SLAVE CHILDREN

Govind grew up with his family in Nepal, but after his father’s death, and having worked as a slave for two years in his home country, he came to the Indian border at age 11. With nothing to eat, his only goal was to find work. Soon, he began to fix phones and take care of customers in a small phone business, but his new job was as bad as the previous one; his boss beat him, did not pay him, and he could not leave the store even at night.

Fortunately, Govind was able to escape the cycle of slavery and extreme poverty. “One day I saw a children’s demonstration going by. They were part of the Global March against Child Labour. They held a meeting in the courtyard just behind the phone store. One man was telling people how he had been freed from the carpet industry. He seemed like a good person and I thought that maybe he could help me. ‘Take me with you, my boss is not good to me. If I go back now, he’ll beat me’, I said. I was accepted.”

Kailash has spent 25 years rescuing children from jobs where, in the best of cases, they get measly wages and frequently suffer all kinds of abuse. He insists that the underlying problem is far from being solved despite being ‘rescued’. The financial hardships of families forces them to give their children to middlemen who travel across the country offering loans between 10 and 20 Euros to the needy in exchange for their children’s work. They take the children, place them in businesses, and the families never see their children again nor the promised money. The children live in appalling conditions, like animals. They work 15 hours a day and eat and sleep on the job site,” says Kailash.

The release of hundreds of child slaves in India are not isolated cases in a country where 17.5 million children work, according to UNICEF. As an example, a raid on Mumbai was meticulously planned for weeks. Several organizations located businesses where children worked in broad daylight. Some 150 officers combed 200 shops in a downtown neighborhood. With the arrival of the police, business owners ordered the boys to run away, while others were forced to hide in basements and attics. The operation ended with the arrest of 42 businessmen and the release of 450 children between 6 and 14.

The rescued children, many of them with symptoms of malnutrition, went back to their families, whom they had not seen for years. Most of the children come from the poorer states in India and neighboring Nepal. The organizations have appealed to the Indian government to support needy families so that their children do not end up in the hands of traffickers again.

Source: blogia.com

SEXUAL ABUSE on CHILDREN

According to a study on child abuse, over half of all Indian children have endured one or more forms of sexual abuse.

In an effort to curtail this form of abuse, India’s Cabinet has approved a bill aimed at combating sexual abuse of children, but some activists do not agree with one of its provisions: raising the age of legal sex to 18 from 16. This, they say, could push parents to use the new law to sanction older teen’s sexual behavior. Likewise, police may use the law to harass couples. It may lead parents to file reports of rape even though a youngster had consensual sex and no crime has been involved.

At present, India does not have a specific law to protect children from sexual offenses. Current laws guard against sex with minors but prosecutions of abusers are rare. One of the major innovations of the new bill is to set up specific courts to try child abuse cases, which would get around massive backlog of cases in the court system.

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Bill, 2011, seeks to protect children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography. Under the provisions of the bill, any sexual activity, even if consensual, with children under 18 years of age would be considered as rape and would be subject to prosecution. “In many ways, it would help in fighting the cases of human trafficking and rape,” said Ravi Kant, president of a human rights advocacy organization.

In general, activists welcomed the bill in a country with a massive child abuse problem, but they also question how successful the law will be in tackling child abuse. “A legal framework is necessary, but reality on ground can change only when the community is involved,” an official said. “India already has laws preventing children under the age of 14 from working but that hasn’t stopped child labor. The law will also be very difficult to apply when sexual abuse happens within the home. Very often we think laws are the solution to everything, but with incest it’s even more difficult to prove a crime.”

Source: The Wall Street Journal

MENSTRUATION AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

 

Asha’s struggle to attend school during her period almost cost her dream to complete her studies.

In India, particularly in rural areas, menstruation is considered dirty and impure. Hence, girls are discouraged to attend school during their periods. The unavailability of sanitary pads, inadequate sanitation and separate toilets for girls in schools compounds the problem, has a huge impact on girls school attendance and is a major reason for their dropping out.

“There was no privacy to change when required and I was hesitant to seek permission to go home”, says Asha. For some parents this stage also signals maturity and the time to get girls married. “My parents wanted me to leave school and get married”, adds Asha, now in 11th grade.

Identifying sanitation and hygiene as pressing needs, the government of Tamil Nadu and UNICEF initiated the Menstrual Hygiene and Management  Program (MHM)in eight high schools in 2009.

“Improving sanitation facilities along with adequate hygiene services has a great impact on girls’ attendance", explains the Sanitation and Hygiene Specialist at UNICEF. The program focused on capacity building of teenage girl students like Asha to demystify taboos surrounding menstruation, orienting them to manage their menstrual process, and provide access to sanitary napkins and a place to dispose of soiled ones.

Through intensive one-on-one counseling, the myths and taboos on menstruation are on the way to being dispelled. Sanitary napkin vending machines have been installed in schools to promote privacy and easy access. “After the program was introduced, dropping out and absenteeism came down to near zero and the performance of the students improved", says the specialist.

The impact of the program can also be felt in the community. The girls feel empowered to carry the messages on hygiene practice into their households and community. “We have broken the culture of silence and are free to discuss the issue with our mothers, older sisters and other girls in our community. We are able to guide girls in their preparation for their first period”, expressed Ramiah, a member of the school counseling team and a friend of Asha.

Demanding privacy for managing their periods, girls like Asha and Ramiah were able to convince their parents to make a toilet at home. Over thirty families have built toilets in their homes after persistent demands from the girls, who are slowly bringing about social change in their community.

Source: UNICEF

PREJUDICE

Judging by the results of a recent survey of school children across the country, India’s future looks bleak - a high proportion of children and teens show clear signs of gender biases as well as cultural and religious intolerance. A total of 23,000 students from 4th, 6th and 8th grade participated in the study, which focused on attitudes and values. The results were dismaying.

- Gender inequality

Around 40-43% of the students thought that education for a girl is not as important as her responsibility towards her family. If a choice has to be made between educating a boy or a girl, the former is a clear preference. Some felt that in the long run, educating a girl was a waste of resources. Around 15% of 8th graders believed that girls were more likely to be burdensome to their parents. However, 35% of 4th graders and 47% of 8th graders felt that both boys and girls are equally capable, but 15-20% of the students in these grades believe that abilities are determined by gender.

The results point to a deep-rooted bias against the girl child, even among students from educated families and those belonging to higher socio-economic strata.

- Immigrants

Nearly 60% of the students were unwilling to accept immigrants from other states, as they felt that ‘outsiders’ take away jobs from locals and are a source of communal disagreements. Only 29% believe that Indians can live and work freely in any state.

Although nearly half of the students surveyed believed that people come closer to each other due to mutual respect and understanding, the other half had preconceived beliefs about people from other religions, and thought that religious differences matter and need to be defended through violence, if necessary.

- Lack of empathy for the differently-abled

A large majority of the students (70-80%) think of differently-abled people as burdensome, unhappy or not good in studies. However, older students fare slightly better, with 21% in 4th grade and 29% in 8th grade being more willing to accept ‘special’ students.

Around 60% of the students are not sensitive about HIV-affected people and lack information about HIV. This could be because awareness programs are not effectively reaching children, according to the experts.

Again, it is educators –parents and teachers- who hold the key to a change in the way the nation’s young regard and treat girls and minorities. Without the understanding and subsequent instilling of different, more just values, age-old discriminatory attitudes are bound to continue.

Source: Pune Mirror

ABUSE AND TRADITION

According to the last National Family Health Survey, more than a third of Indian women have experienced some form of abuse by their husbands - pushing, slapping, punching, kicking, choking or burning. Activists say the actual figures are much higher, but in spite of there being more awareness and gender-sensitive laws, few women are willing to talk openly about the violence they endure at the hands of those who purport to love them.

Although physical and sexual violence against women exist throughout the world, the degree to which it is acceptable in India is unfathomable. The Health Survey found that 51% of Indian men and 54% of Indian women find it justifiable for a man to beat his wife. Moreover, the silence that surrounds this abuse helps perpetuate its acceptability - not the understandable silence of women who are afraid, but the silence of family, friends, neighbours and even passers-by who choose to turn a blind eye.

So-called "honour killings" and "stove burnings" are often rooted in a culture where a woman's worth is linked to her family's reputation and a tradition of hefty dowries. In 1995, Time Magazine reported that dowry deaths in India increased from around 400 a year in the early 1980s to around 5,800 a year by the middle of the 1990s. Setting fire to a wife who has failed to pay her full dowry and then blaming her death to “a kitchen fire” has been recognized as an important public health problem in India.

The high levels of gender violence which persist in India are thought to be mainly due to deeply-rooted, age-old discriminatory beliefs. Despite the country's impressive economic growth and exposure to "Western liberalism", women are still largely seen as objects. Most of the victims are uneducated women from disadvantaged social backgrounds - reinforcing the general perception that domestic violence is more pervasive in groups of lower socio-economic status.

Yet professional women in India also face such abuse, but rarely speak of it. Some married women are afraid of being accused of "breaking up the family" and are expected to put up with the abuse and maintain their silence, while single women worry about being seen as "weak" as they strive to break through in male-dominated professions.

On one hand, tradition, poverty, illiteracy, lack of enforcement of gender-sensitive laws, and few opportunities for women to empower themselves have allowed violence against them to go unchecked. On the other, lack of proper education implicitly condones and perpetuates these crimes. It is therefore apparent that the deep transformation of cultural beliefs that will give women their own voice and dignity can only be brought about by persistent and innovative education processes that start with children, and that such processes should be accessible to all children, regardless of their social status.

Source: BBC News / Wikipedia

ADOLESCENT EDUCATION

India is the country with the largest teen population in the world: 243 million boys and girls. According to UNICEF’s Report on the World's Children 2011, this figure makes up 20% of all teenagers in the world. For a nation undergoing clear economic growth, these data would be encouraging, were it not for the fact that India also has one of the lowest standards of living for this population sector both in the health and education realms - 56% of girls between 11 and 19 and 30% of boys in the same age group suffer from anemia, 47% are malnourished and almost 40% do not attend school.

It is obvious that, in India, actions directed to this population group are particularly necessary and urgent. Through the project Community Development in Hadapsar, Asha-Kiran has the opportunity to reach 70 teens of both sexes directly. The Teenage Education program was dreamed up for them - a series of sessions led by Deepti, our Social Worker, with the aim of giving this group of boys and girls the necessary tools to appraise their circumstances (within their community and in society at large) and to have an effect on them by modifying them when they impinge upon their basic needs and their physical and moral integrity.

Teens in India have to deal with problems such as malnutrition and anemia, teen pregnancy (and all the complications associated with it such as increased maternal and infant mortality), sexually transmitted diseases including HIV, drug abuse , dropping out of school, illiteracy, depression, suicide, physical battering and sexual violence. Therefore, for the eight sessions scheduled for 2011-2012, Asha-Kiran chose to focus on the most pressing issues one by one. First, we talked together (boys and girls sharing their points of view) issues related to health, hygiene and nutrition.


Although the project Community Development in Hadapsar does not provide health and food services directly, it focused on best practices for home nutrition and the steps to take in order to access curative and preventive care at public health clinics. In addition, we conducted workshops on healthy habits and environmental hygiene to prevent diseases. Unlike the health education activities aimed at the youngest members of the community, in the sessions with teens we emphasized the responsibility that comes with maturity and the need to consider how certain behaviors and habits that can be changed by the teens themselves (such as what foods to eat, proper grooming or how to care for the community environment) can have a positive impact on the lifestyle of individuals, families and the community.

To address more intimate issues, we worked with girls and boys separately. It is almost impossible to discuss issues related to the physical, emotional and psychological changes of adolescence in a mixed group; to the shyness and complexes proper of this age must be added that "being a woman in India" entails a latent inferiority complex that hampers peer-to-peer interaction in a mixed-genders group.

In these separate groups, Deepti worked with dynamic creative thinking and detection of behavior patterns. The goal was for both girls and boys to pinpoint in their usual reactions, the misinformation, prejudices and fears that determine their usual behavior. Only by knowing and thinking about their own behavioral patterns and thought mechanisms, can they attempt to control their reactions when these may harm them or those around them. With this type of dynamics, we intend for them to spot peer or group pressure and to be able to respond to it with autonomy, particularly in relation to sexual practices or drug abuse. It must be kept in mind that in India, approximately 35% of new HIV infections occur in the 15 to 24 age group.

But, in Deepti’s own words, "we also raised awareness on gender equality in the mixed group because they can only learn to respect one another if they consider one another”. Teen marriage was also discussed in depth with the girls in an atmosphere of complete trust. In the country, 43% of girls are married before 18, and 13% of them become teenage mothers. Only by reminding them (girls and boys), again and again, that marriage, the onset of sexual intercourse and pregnancy are decisions that they themselves must take, will they begin to have the necessary courage to fight for their autonomy within their family and their community.

"We will not notice a change overnight after these sessions, but at least we are sure that the thought processes of these boys and girls are beginning to change because they have had an opportunity – that does not exist in their immediate surroundings – to start thinking for themselves. They were able to discuss and share their experiences, fears and expectations. Now we have to accompany them and address individual concerns and insecurities that will surely arise from their new outlook and the way they regard themselves, brought about by the Adolescent Education program. Gradually, they will begin to make new decisions and we will be there to support them."

CIRCUS GIRLS

Nepal is one of the world's poorest countries and the border it shares with India has encouraged a lucrative trade of young girls working in circuses of the neighboring country.

Sarwati’s case is typical: when she was eight, she was sold to an Indian circus and became a juggler. When she turned fourteen she was forced to marry, and two years ago, when her husband died, her former husband’s brothers began to physically abuse her. To her aid came a British organization that works to rehabilitate young girls who work in Indian circuses, where hundreds of Nepalese girls live in deplorable conditions after being sold by their parents.

According to the sponsor of the NGO, about 350 girls were rescued between 2004 and 2011 after thirty inspections of circuses in northern India. "The girls are easy targets for traffickers, since in most cases they come from dysfunctional families and impoverished settings," he says. Although there is extensive documentation on the sale of Nepalese girls under ten to brothels, child trafficking to India, where there is a great circus tradition, was unknown. "Light-skinned and scantily clad girls are very exotic in India," says the promoter.

In 2002, the NGO launched a survey which found that girls who were sold to circuses where, on average, eight years old at the time of the transaction. Many of them suffer from physical and psychological violence in an environment where rape is not uncommon. The situation is very different from what the agents promise to the girls’ parents - they convince them to sign illegal contracts that promise a future of fame and prosperity for their daughters, but the first thing the girls ask for when rescued is to be given some food.

The NGO currently houses about 400 girls. Some have been rescued from the streets and others are taught by circus professionals after their "liberation". "It is a magical and very special experience", says the artist who trains them. She adds that she was surprised by the girls’ energy and joy, particularly those who have decided voluntarily to go back to performing, such Sarwati, who says: "Now I do it for fun and I enjoy it".

Source: terra